We present a noisy channel generative model of two sequences, for example text and speech, which enables uncovering the association between the two modalities when limited paired data is available. To address the intractability of the exact model under a realistic data setup, we propose a variational inference approximation. To train this variational model with categorical data, we propose a KL encoder loss approach which has connections to the wake-sleep algorithm. Identifying the joint or conditional distributions by only observing unpaired samples from the marginals is only possible under certain conditions in the data distribution and we discuss under what type of conditional independence assumptions that might be achieved, which guides the architecture designs. Experimental results show that even tiny amount of paired data (5 minutes) is sufficient to learn to relate the two modalities (graphemes and phonemes here) when a massive amount of unpaired data is available, paving the path to adopting this principled approach for all seq2seq models in low data resource regimes.

这项工作探讨了在不存在的人类发声声中合成语音的任务。我们称之为此任务“扬声器生成”，并呈现Tacosawn，一个在此任务中竞争地执行的系统。Tacosawn是一种基于重复的关注文本到语音模型，了解备用空间的发行版，这使得新颖和各种扬声器采样。我们的方法易于实现，并且不需要从扬声器ID系统转移学习。我们呈现客观和主观指标，用于评估此任务的表现，并证明我们所提出的客观指标与人类对扬声器相似性相关联。我们的演示页面上有音频样本。

Multimodal deep learning has been used to predict clinical endpoints and diagnoses from clinical routine data. However, these models suffer from scaling issues: they have to learn pairwise interactions between each piece of information in each data type, thereby escalating model complexity beyond manageable scales. This has so far precluded a widespread use of multimodal deep learning. Here, we present a new technical approach of "learnable synergies", in which the model only selects relevant interactions between data modalities and keeps an "internal memory" of relevant data. Our approach is easily scalable and naturally adapts to multimodal data inputs from clinical routine. We demonstrate this approach on three large multimodal datasets from radiology and ophthalmology and show that it outperforms state-of-the-art models in clinically relevant diagnosis tasks. Our new approach is transferable and will allow the application of multimodal deep learning to a broad set of clinically relevant problems.

The success of Deep Learning applications critically depends on the quality and scale of the underlying training data. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) can generate arbitrary large datasets, but diversity and fidelity are limited, which has recently been addressed by denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs) whose superiority has been demonstrated on natural images. In this study, we propose Medfusion, a conditional latent DDPM for medical images. We compare our DDPM-based model against GAN-based models, which constitute the current state-of-the-art in the medical domain. Medfusion was trained and compared with (i) StyleGan-3 on n=101,442 images from the AIROGS challenge dataset to generate fundoscopies with and without glaucoma, (ii) ProGAN on n=191,027 from the CheXpert dataset to generate radiographs with and without cardiomegaly and (iii) wGAN on n=19,557 images from the CRCMS dataset to generate histopathological images with and without microsatellite stability. In the AIROGS, CRMCS, and CheXpert datasets, Medfusion achieved lower (=better) FID than the GANs (11.63 versus 20.43, 30.03 versus 49.26, and 17.28 versus 84.31). Also, fidelity (precision) and diversity (recall) were higher (=better) for Medfusion in all three datasets. Our study shows that DDPM are a superior alternative to GANs for image synthesis in the medical domain.

Recent advances in computer vision have shown promising results in image generation. Diffusion probabilistic models in particular have generated realistic images from textual input, as demonstrated by DALL-E 2, Imagen and Stable Diffusion. However, their use in medicine, where image data typically comprises three-dimensional volumes, has not been systematically evaluated. Synthetic images may play a crucial role in privacy preserving artificial intelligence and can also be used to augment small datasets. Here we show that diffusion probabilistic models can synthesize high quality medical imaging data, which we show for Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) images. We provide quantitative measurements of their performance through a reader study with two medical experts who rated the quality of the synthesized images in three categories: Realistic image appearance, anatomical correctness and consistency between slices. Furthermore, we demonstrate that synthetic images can be used in a self-supervised pre-training and improve the performance of breast segmentation models when data is scarce (dice score 0.91 vs. 0.95 without vs. with synthetic data).

概括不域外（OOD）的能力是深度神经网络发展的重要目标，研究人员提出了来自各种基础的许多高性能的OOD泛化方法。尽管许多OOD算法在各种情况下都表现良好，但这些系统被评估为``Black-Boxes''。取而代之的是，我们提出了一个灵活的框架，该框架使用探测模块来评估具有更精细粒度的OOD系统，该模块可以预测中间表示的原始域。我们发现表示始终编码有关域的一些信息。尽管层的编码模式在不同的OOD算法上基本保持稳定，但它们在数据集中有所不同。例如，关于旋转（在旋转的旋转）的信息在下层是最明显的，而有关样式（在VLCS和PACS上）的信息在中间层上最为明显。此外，高探测结果与域的泛化性能相关，从而导致了开发OOD泛化系统的进一步方向。

我们介绍了一种方法，例如针对3D点云的提案生成。现有技术通常直接在单个进料前进的步骤中回归建议，从而导致估计不准确。我们表明，这是一个关键的瓶颈，并提出了一种基于迭代双边滤波的方法。遵循双边滤波的精神，我们考虑了每个点的深度嵌入以及它们在3D空间中的位置。我们通过合成实验表明，在为给定的兴趣点生成实例建议时，我们的方法会带来巨大的改进。我们进一步验证了我们在挑战性扫描基准测试中的方法，从而在自上而下的方法的子类别中实现了最佳实例分割性能。

Wasserstein的分布在强大的优化方面已成为强大估计的有力框架，享受良好的样本外部性能保证，良好的正则化效果以及计算上可易处理的双重重新纠正。在这样的框架中，通过将最接近经验分布的所有概率分布中最接近的所有概率分布中最小化的最差预期损失来最大程度地减少估计量。在本文中，我们提出了一个在噪声线性测量中估算未知参数的Wasserstein分布稳定的M估计框架，我们专注于分析此类估计器的平方误差性能的重要且具有挑战性的任务。我们的研究是在现代的高维比例状态下进行的，在该状态下，环境维度和样品数量都以相对的速度进行编码，该速率以编码问题的下/过度参数化的比例。在各向同性高斯特征假设下，我们表明可以恢复平方误差作为凸 - 串联优化问题的解，令人惊讶的是，它在最多四个标量变量中都涉及。据我们所知，这是在Wasserstein分布强劲的M估计背景下研究此问题的第一项工作。

With the advancements in deep learning (DL) and an increasing interest in data-driven speech processing methods, there is a major challenge in accessing pathological speech data. Public challenge data offers a potential remedy for this but may expose patient health information by re-identification attacks. Therefore, we investigate in this study whether or not pathological speech is more vulnerable to such re-identification than healthy speech. Our study is the first large-scale investigation on the effects of different speech pathology on automatic speaker verification (ASV) using a real-world pathological speech corpus of more than 2,000 test subjects with various speech and voice disorders from different ages. Utilizing a DL-based ASV method, we obtained a mean equal error rate (EER) of 0.89% with a standard deviation of 0.06%, which is a factor of three lower than comparable healthy speech databases. We further perform detailed analyses of external influencing factors on ASV such as age, pathology, recording environment, utterance length, and intelligibility, to explore their respective effect. Our experiments indicate that some types of speech pathology, in particular dysphonia, regardless of speech intelligibility, are more vulnerable to a breach of privacy compared to healthy speech. We also observe that the effect of pathology lies in the range of other factors, such as age, microphone, and recording environment.

我们为3D点云提出了一种自我监督的胶囊架构。我们通过置换等级的注意力计算对象的胶囊分解，并通过用对随机旋转对象的对进行自我监督处理。我们的主要思想是将注意力掩码汇总为语义关键点，并使用这些来监督满足胶囊不变性/设备的分解。这不仅能够培训语义一致的分解，而且还允许我们学习一个能够以对客观的推理的规范化操作。培训我们的神经网络，我们既不需要分类标签也没有手动对齐训练数据集。然而，通过以自我监督方式学习以对象形式的表示，我们的方法在3D点云重建，规范化和无监督的分类上表现出最先进的。